NURSING BY PC SAINI

  CLINICAL COURSE OF FIRST STAGE OF LABOR The first symptom to appear is intermittent painful uterine contractions followed by expulsion of               bloodstained mucus (show) per vaginam.  Only few drops of blood mixed with mucus is expelled and any excess should be considered abnormal PAIN:-  Pains are felt more anteriorly with simultaneous hardening of the uterus. Clinically pains are said to be good if they come at intervals of 3–5 minutes and at the height of contraction the uterine wall cannot be indented (दांतेदार बना हुआ) by the fingers. DILATATION AND EFFACEMENT OF THE CERVIX: - ( Effacement is the  thinning and shortening of the cervix . It happens at the end of pregnancy in preparation for childbirth. A pregnant person must be 100% effaced for a vaginal delivery) Progressive anatomical changes in the cervix, such as dilatation and effacement, are recorded                       following each vaginal examination. Cervical dilatation is expressed either in terms of finger

 Cold chain -  The cold chain is a  set of rules and procedures  that ensure the proper storage and distribution of vaccines to health services from the national to the local level. The cold chain is interconnected with refrigeration equipment that allows vaccines to be stored at recommended temperatures to maintain their potency. ( कोल्ड चेन नियमों और प्रक्रियाओं का एक समूह है जो राष्ट्रीय स्तर से लेकर स्थानीय स्तर तक स्वास्थ्य सेवाओं के लिए टीकों के उचित भंडारण और वितरण को सुनिश्चित करता है। कोल्ड चेन रेफ्रिजरेशन उपकरण के साथ जुड़ा हुआ है जो टीकों को उनकी क्षमता बनाए रखने के लिए अनुशंसित तापमान पर संग्रहीत करने की अनुमति देता है। ) Types of cold chain -  There are two types of cold chain packaging systems:-     active and passive -  . Active systems consist of cold chain transport containers featuring advanced electric or battery-powered temperature controls. Active systems often have built-in cooling units or rely on dry ice as a coolant.

 Definition -  Immunology -  Immunology is the science which deals with the body’s response to antigenic challenge. Immunological mechanisms are involved in the protection of the body against infectious agent. Immunity -  The resistance (प्रतिरोध) offered by the host to the harmful   effect of pathogenic microbial infection is  called immunity. Immunity against infectious  diseases. ANTIGEN -  Enterovesicular  is a substance which, when introduced   parenterally into the body, stimulates the  production of an antibody with which it reacts  specifically in an observable manner. allergens, blood group antigens, HLA( human leukocyte antigen ) , substances on the surface of foreign cells, toxins ( एंटीजन एक ऐसा पदार्थ है, जो जब शरीर में पैरेन्टेरली पेश किया जाता है, तो एक एंटीबॉडी के उत्पादन को उत्तेजित करता है जिसके साथ यह विशेष रूप से एक अवलोकन योग्य तरीके से प्रतिक्रिया करता है।) ANTIBODIESC (Immunoglobulins ) - Antibody is defined as humoral substance (γ- globulin) produced in resp

 Definition -    The invasion and growth of germs in the body . The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, fungi, or other microorganisms. Infections can begin anywhere in the body and may spread all through it. An infection can cause fever and other health problems, depending on where it occurs in the body. ( शरीर में कीटाणुओं का आक्रमण और वृद्धि। रोगाणु बैक्टीरिया, वायरस, खमीर, कवक या अन्य सूक्ष्मजीव हो सकते हैं। संक्रमण शरीर में कहीं भी शुरू हो सकता है और पूरे शरीर में फैल सकता है। एक संक्रमण बुखार और अन्य स्वास्थ्य समस्याओं का कारण बन सकता है, यह इस बात पर निर्भर करता है कि यह शरीर में कहां होता है।) inflammation -  Inflammation    is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as  pathogens , damaged cells, or  irritants ,  and is a protective response involving  immune cells ,  blood vessels , and molecular mediators.  The function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged

presentation created by pc saini  HEALTH -  The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as ' a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely  the absence of disease or infirmity'. DISEASE- disease,   any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism , generally associated with certain signs and symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury. A diseased organism commonly exhibits signs or symptoms indicative of its abnormal state (  रोग, किसी जीव की सामान्य संरचनात्मक या कार्यात्मक अवस्था से कोई हानिकारक विचलन, जो आमतौर पर कुछ संकेतों और लक्षणों से जुड़ा होता है और शारीरिक चोट से प्रकृति में भिन्न होता है। एक रोगग्रस्त जीव आमतौर पर अपनी असामान्य स्थिति के संकेत या लक्षण प्रदर्शित करता है ) ILLNESS -    a condition of being unhealthy in your body or mind . : a specific condition that prevents your body or mind from working normally : a sickness or disease.  DISEASE COUSATION -  EPIDEMIOLOGY  - the scientific