NURSING BY PC SAINI

    TYPES OF PELVIS GYNAECOID ANTHROPOID ANDROID PLATYPELLOID   1.Gynaecoid pelvis: (50%)   It is commonly known as the female pelvis because that type occurs most frequently in women.   Most suitable for childbirth.   Wider brim.   Ischial spines are blunt   Sub pubic angle is 90º   2.Anthropoid pelvis: (25%)   It favors a posterior position of the fetus.  Oval in shape   Transverse diameter is shorter   Seen in tall women with narrow shoulders   3.Android pelvis: (20%)   It is commonly known as male pelvis because it occurs more frequently in men .  Heart shaped brim   Anterior posterior diameter is shorter   Transverse diameter is wider  Childbirth is difficult  4.Platypelloid (flat) pelvis: (5%)   This type of pelvis is rare.   Kidney shaped brim   Anterior posterior diameter is smaller   Transverse diameter is wider   Not conductive to vaginal delivery

  fetal skull ( भ्रूण की खोपड़ी )  : -  fetal skull is to some extent compressible and made mainly of thin pliable tabular (flat) bones forming the vault. This is anchored to the rigid and incompressible bones at the base of the skull. ( भ्रूण की खोपड़ी कुछ हद तक संकुचित होती है और मुख्य रूप से पतली लचीली टेबुलर (सपाट) हड्डियों से बनी होती है जो vault ( गुंबद ,arch )  बनाती है। यह खोपड़ी के आधार पर कठोर और असम्पीडित हड्डियों के लिए लंगर डाले हुए है।) AREAS OF SKULL: The skull is arbitrarily divided into several zones of obstetrical importance  These are:  Vertex : It is a quadrangular area bounded anteriorly by the bregma and coronal sutures behind. (वर्टेक्स: यह एक चतुष्कोणीय क्षेत्र है जो पीछे ब्रेग्मा और कोरोनल suture से घिरा होता है. लैम्ब्डा और लैम्बडॉइड suture  द्वारा और बाद में पार्श्विका श्रेष्ठता से गुजरने वाली रेखाओं द्वारा।  )  Brow : It is an area bounded on one side by the anterior fontanel and coronal sutures and on...

female pelvis :-  pelvis is composed of four bones—two innominate bones, sacrum and coccyx.  These are united together by four joints— two sacroiliac joints,  sacrococcygeal joint  symphysis pubis. The pelvis is anatomically divided into a false pelvis and a true pelvis, the boundary line being the brim of the pelvis. The bony landmarks on the brim of the pelvis from anterior to posterior on each side are— upper border of symphysis pubis, pubic crest , pubic tubercle , pectineal line, iliopubic eminence , iliopectineal line, sacroiliac articulation,  anterior border of the ala of sacrum   sacral promontory                     FALSE PELVIS The false pelvis is formed by the iliac portions of the innominate bones and is limited above by the iliac crests. It has got Mlittle obstetric significance except that its measurements can to a certain extent, predict the size and configuration of the true pelvis. Its onl...

  The reproductive organs in female are those which are concerned with copulation, fertilization, growth and development of the fetus and its subsequent exit to the outer world. The organs are broadly divided into:  External genitalia   Internal genitalia   Accessory reproductive organs  External genitalia - The vulva or pudendum includes all the visible external genital organs in the perineum. Vulva consists  of the following:- - the mons pubis, - labia majora, - labia minora,  -hymen - clitoris,  -vestibule,  -urethra and -Skene’s glands  -Bartholin’s glands   -vestibular bulbs .  It is therefore bounded anteriorly by  mons pubis, posteriorly by the rectum, laterally by the genitocrural fold. The vulvar area is covered by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. MONS VENERIS (MONS PUBIS) :-  - It is the pad of subcutaneous adipose connective tissue lying in front of the pubis and in the adult female is cove...

  Polio (also known as poliomyelitis) is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus that attacks the nervous system. Children younger than 5 years old are more likely to contract the virus than any other group. ,  Karl Landsteiner and Erwin Popper  identified a virus JAN 2011 - Last case seen polio 27 march 2014 - free from polio 20 september 2015 - polio virus second erdicate. Types of poliomyelitis Abortive poliomyelitis:  The mildest form. Nonparalytic poliomyelitis : Symptoms are more severe than abortive, but not as bad as paralytic. Paralytic poliomyelitis: The most severe; may result in permanent paralysis of certain muscle groups, including breathing muscles and leg muscles.  causes poliomyelitis? The poliovirus spreads most often from fecal-oral contact. Usually, this occurs from poor hand washing or from consuming of contaminated food or water. Sneezing or  coughing  also spreads the virus. Your child is most contagious immediately before ...

  Dengue (DENG-gey) fever is a mosquito-borne illness that occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Mild dengue fever causes a high fever and flu-like symptoms. The severe form of dengue fever, also called dengue hemorrhagic fever, can cause serious bleeding, a sudden drop in blood pressure (shock) and death. Discovery of the Dengue Viruses In 1943,  Ren Kimura and Susumu Hotta  first isolated the dengue virus. These two scientists were studying blood samples of patients taken during the 1943 dengue epidemic in Nagasaki, Japan. family - Arbo-virus 1,2,3,4 most dangerious form of dengue type second. vector - Aedes agypti in world most common species. day time freely early morning and late afternoon. INCUBATION PEROID :- 5 - 6 DAYS MODE OF TRANSMISSION -    Dengue viruses are spread to people  through the bites of infected Aedes species mosquitoes (Ae.   aegypti or Ae.   albopictus) . These are the same types of mosquitoes that spread ...

Malaria  Alphonse Laveran , a military doctor in France's Service de Santé des Armées (Health Service of the Armed Forces). The military hospital in Constantine (Algeria), where Laveran discovered the malaria parasite in 1880 Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite. The parasite is spread to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes. People who have malaria usually feel very sick with a high fever and shaking chills. due to cousetive agent female anafilles. 1953 - national malaria  control programme 1958 -  national malaria eridication programme. 2003 - 2004  - national vector born disease programme  1999 - anti  malarial control programme.  MODE OF TRANSMISSION - . vector born disease congenital malaria blood transfussion  INCUBATON PERIOD : -  Plasmodium falciparum (or P. falciparum)  -12 days Plasmodium malariae (or P. malariae) - 28 days Plasmodium vivax (or P. vivax) - 14 days Plasmodium ovale (or P. ovale)  -17 days Pl...