NURSING BY PC SAINI

. . . . . . . . . . .Headache Headache, or cephalgia, is ho  one of the most common of all human physical complaints. Headache is actually a symptom rather than a disease entity; it may indicate organic disease (neurologic or other disease), a stress response, vasodilation (migraine), skeletal muscle tension (tension headache), or a combination of factors . A  primary headache is one for which no organic cause can be identified. These types of headache include migraine, tension-type, and cluster headaches Cranial arteritis is another common cause of headache.  A classification of headaches was issued by the Headache Classification Migraine is a symptom complex characterized by periodic and recurrent attacks of severe headache.  The cause of migraine has not been clearly demonstrated, but it is primarily a vascular disturbance that occurs more commonly in women and has a strong familial tendency. The typical time of onset is puberty, and the incidence is highest in adults 2

urinary incontinence  Definition of urinary incontinence   Urinary incontinence — the loss of bladder control — is a common and often embarrassing problem. The severity ranges from occasionally leaking urine when you cough or sneeze to having an urge to urinate that's so sudden and strong you don't get to a toilet in time .Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence  Pregnancy: vaginal delivery, episiotomy Menopause Genitourinary surgery Pelvic muscle weakness Incompetent urethra due to trauma or sphincter relaxation Immobility High-impact exercise Diabetes mellitus Stroke Age-related changes in the urinary tract Morbid obesity Cognitive disturbances: dementia, Parkinson’s disease Medications: diuretics, sedatives, hypnotics, opioids Caregiver or toilet unavailable Sign & Symptoms Many people experience occasional, minor leaks of urine. Others may lose small to moderate amount jy s of urine more frequently. Types of urinary incontinence inc